Goldman Sachs released new research this week on how artificial intelligence is affecting jobs. The bank looked at employment data across major developed countries going back several years.
The study found that industries using more AI tools are seeing slower job growth. This trend started in the second half of 2022.
The pattern is strongest in Germany, Australia and the United States. Other developed markets show a similar pattern, though the effect is smaller.
Call Centers See the Steepest Drop
Call center jobs have taken the biggest hit among all industries studied. Employment there has fallen well below normal levels in several countries.
In the United States, call center employment is 39% below trend. Canada is down 33% and Germany is down 27%.
Software publishing, management consulting and advertising services also show weaker hiring numbers. These industries rely heavily on tasks that AI tools can now handle.
Goldman said the drop shows up mainly in industries where AI tools are already built to do the work. This means the effect is not spread evenly across the economy.
Jobs in information and communication services have also slowed since 2022. Outside the U.S., these jobs remain close to or above their long-run trend.
New Workers Feel the Most Pressure
Goldman studied more than 800 job types to see who feels the biggest impact. Entry-level workers showed the clearest signs of hiring trouble.
Across the wider job market, a 10% rise in AI exposure lowered yearly hiring by only about 0.1 percentage point in France, Canada and the U.S.
For entry-level roles, the drop was much bigger. Australia saw a hit of more than 0.6 percentage point, while the U.S. saw over 0.2 percentage point.
The bank also found a smaller extra effect on jobs seen as easy for AI to replace. This adds another layer of pressure on top of the entry-level trend.
Goldman said these hiring pressures show up clearly in the data. The bank added that the effect is still limited to a narrow group of industries and workers.
The findings come as AI use keeps growing around the world. Goldman combined 11 separate surveys to measure adoption rates across countries.
Developed economies now have AI adoption rates of about 15% to 20%. France, the U.S., the Netherlands and the U.K. lead the way.
Italy, Japan and New Zealand rank lower among developed nations studied. Emerging markets trail further behind, with adoption rates between 10% and 15%.
